How can human piss, a banana, clay, and a pencil refuture our imaginations when it comes to energy generation, electrical technologies, and the power dynamics which permeate these narratives?

I wanted to see if I could make my own electricity from scratch. Not just any electricity, but “regenerative” electricity, where Regenerative Design could be understood as not only striving to be sustainable, but aiming to enhance or improve environmental conditions.  How could this be possible in a field that is based on rampant resource extraction and waste, and sprouted from a colonial-powered industrial revolution? Is this just how electricity – which I don’t really understand – works?  So I set out to see if it would be possible for myself, with no formal training in science or engineering, to fabricate my own biofuel cells from scratch, relying entirely on natural and non-specialised materials and equipment, along with scrapped found objects and e-waste, on a budget of less than 3 Euros 🖨️🔌💻💾

Translating cutting-edge energy harvesting research into demystified, DIY forms, the art-science research project was propelled by a fascination with urine-powered Microbial Fuel Cells as they not only have the ability to produce (small, unstable amounts of) electricity, but are also able treat wastewater by killing dangerous pathogens🦠, as well as recovering valuable nutrients (that we get from plants and then just flush away), that can be used as fertilizer and thus help improving soil health. 🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱 Sounds pretty regenerative to me. 

Something that can intervene at the energy/sanitation nexus was particularly interesting for me to investigate, as my home city – Cape Town – is a glaring example of how municipal infrastructures can contain and perpetuate social, political and ecological issues;  in a worsening water and electricity crisis, it became very apparent to privileged citizens with access to municipal grids, like myself, that these infrastructures were wasteful and inappropriate to the context (e.g. in a drought, you’re not going to spend 10 litres of your daily 26 litre fresh water rations on one toilet flush). Meanwhile, many citizens are still consistently denied adequate municipal service delivery, as the (supposed) fall of apartheid promised 27 years ago, with many of the city’s working class having limited, unsafe, ill-functioning, or just totally non-existent access to potable water, electricity, lighting, and toilets; infrastructures which are particularly weighted towards the welfare of women and girls. In between all of this, some politicians are somehow, ironically, using these infrastructures to justify, and perpetuate, colonial projects.

And then here I am, typing this on an expensive computer full of precious minerals probably mined in South Africa (such as gold, diamonds and platinum). Despite having some of the world’s largest deposits of these minerals, and being a relatively wealthy Sub-Saharan country, the GDP of my home country is still less than the Net Worth of Facebook. Wow. Sounds like some ‘borderless colonial phenomena’ are going on here, too.

There are scientists and start-ups working on urine-based MFCs, but they can’t really take off in a commercial sense (at the moment), and those that are trying to, are full of patents and funding politics, and would continue to operate in top-down approaches, with little or no agency extended to the consumer. This project is totally open source, and has been made with accessibility of materials, methods, equipment, processes, resources, safety, and hackability in mind. While my research is not really far enough to safely release these devices out into the world, and I’m also not trying to simply invent a solution, like the scientists and engineers I’m critiquing, I do hope to intersect with more Open science+ technology collaborators (email me!) and continue the project in an educational direction. However I did manage to light an LED (light Emitting Diode), and get some nitrogen and phosphorus-rich fertilizer with my banana/clay/charcoal/ pencil/urine devices, so I think that’s pretty cool for now.

Back to the question IS THE STATUS QUO IN ELECTRICAL GENERATION JUST HOW ELECTRICITY WORKS?  Well, as my regeneratively-powered pee synthesizers might say (wail), apparently not. I’m pretty sure that if synergistic technologies like Microbial Fuel Cells (there are no doubt many more cool solarpunk technologies out there) were researched as much as degenerative chemical batteries or fossil fuel-run turbines, which were then pushed into public use within a highly competitive capatilistic framework (e.g. the famous ‘current wars’ of Edison and Tesla), things would have turned out pretty differently. Imagine if we had whole cities whose water, sanitation, electrical and agricultural systems all worked together in harmonious balance? In light of these kinds of approaches, I would like to acknowledge, and humbly thank, the pre-colonial Southern African technologists and material scientists whose research I have drawn from, and whose engineering practices are far more advanced in this regard than the eurocentric norm.

In a techno-economic climate where power often equals power, the project asks if energy democratization as well as synergistic engineering approaches could allow us to reimagine the electric, and the complex way infrastructures relate to ourselves and interact with the natural world.

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____________Mainstream energy generation and provision largely remains in the hands of municipal, governmental and – heaven forbid – corporate powers, leaving consumers with little or no agency regarding cost, accessibility and sustainability. On the other hand, capital costs for off grid renewable energy systems (e.g. solar power, biogas plants) remain out of reach for many, an issue compounded by the users’ inability to maintain, fix or modify these black box systems without professional technical assistance; a critique not of the users’ technical skills, but of the design of the systems.

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̶̨̢̢̧̛̛̛̫̙̜̝̼͇̗̻̩̗̠̳̟̦̝͙̱̝͓̠̙̫͚͙̹͔̩͈̟͎͇̲̠̱̬̳̘̼͔̥̟͙̘̮̭̳͈̞͚̟͙̣͂̀̎̒̃̅̈́̆̄̐̍͌͌̐̓͒́͗̑̐͗̇̓̊͛̆̾͒̀̀͌̾̓͒̓̽͛̊̐͊̎͋̽̀̀͗͛̈̐̑̓̑̔̈́̒͌͒̀̅́̾̂̔͌̈́͒̈́̉̊́͆͒̎͌̽̉̋́̃̑͊̽̀̂̄̐̿̀̉̊̑͌̀̀́̂͐͆̈́̉̂͊̉̓̐̑̔̽̔̅̏̓̏́͋́͑̏͊̎͛̅̈́͊̈̃̌̊͗̏͛̀͆͌̕̚̚͘̕͘̕͘̕̕͘̚̚̚͜͠͝͝͠͠͝ͅͅl̷̨̨̛̛͍̞̯͓͔̰͎̰͔̪͈̗̜̲͚̯̦̠͔̤̮͙̠̗̯͔̜̪̞͚͚̰͉̗̲̹̫̟͖̫̗̜͓͇͍̣̞̗̮̩̹̬̙͕̯̖̟͚͍̗̺̖̲̜̹̙͔̥̜͔̭̙̰̺͓̬̮̦̘̗̼̱̝̝̽͌͆̀͋͐̋͆͆͒͐̽̓̈́̈́͗͐̌̔̅͐̈́̌͛̍́̇͛́̓̅̂̍́̃̇̿̌̏̒͂̆́͊͛͌̐̏̃̄̓͌͐͋͒̉̓̐̈́̿̽̀̿̌̈́̀͘̚̕̚͘͜͜͜͜͠͝͝͠ͅͅͅį̴̨̨̛̛̰̱͇̯̫̻͚̹̟̬̝͔̖͕͉̘͖̻̬͎̋̈́̔̈̈͛̌̒́̾̐̽̎͒̑̎̀̅̌̔̄͋̇͋̈́̌̾̅̈́̓͋̈̌̎͛̑̅̀̽̈́̓̿̃̄̂̍̓̑̇̿̔̈̄́̔̿͐͊̄͋́͒̉͛̀̑͐͊͛̐͒̃̾̆̋͆͘̕̚͘̕̕͘̚͝͝͝͝͠͠͝͠͝͠n̸̢̨̡̡̢̨̢̢̨̨̨̢̛̙̝̝̘̗̻̫̝̱̻̠̬̭̦̮̱̪͓̱̦͕͉̝͎̭̩̟̻̪͇̞̭̗͇͙͙̱͙̣̬̜̠͔̬̫̤̺̙̫̟̥͕̟̩̯̟̞͓̙͇͍̲̪̯̲̮̠̖͍̞͖͖͓̺̬͓̖͔͎̲̳̹͕̟̝̭̪̞̱̜̖̟͉̮͕͈͔͚̗͇̹̙͉̣̤̞͙͎̥̗͔̥̳̞̱͈͉̠͍̮̫̠̫̻̪̝̖͚͖͖͉̫̲̩̞͈̤̦͇̩̮̗͔͓͒̄͋͂̂̏̾̉͋̑̅͛̈́̇̽͑̏̀̒́̌̒̈́̉̀̂͆̑̓̓͌̋͋͌͗̒̅̾͂̓̌͆́̂̔̔̓̿̅̆͑̆̃̿̾͑̓͆̾̿̂̄̽̊̿̆͌͌̈̋͂̂̄͐͐́̀̐͛̒̿͐̏̔̓̀̒̌͊̽̍̐͐̊̏͆̓͑͆̎͂̉̽̀̾̀̀̄͒̈́͊̽͛͌́͒̾͘̚̕͘̚̚͘̚̚̚̚͜͜͜͜͜͠͝͠͝ͅͅͅn̵̢̢̧̧̡̧̡̧̢̢̨̢̨̧̨̢̨̧̡̨̨̧̨̛̹̖̝̯͉̟̝̲̱͎̗̻͕͉͍̺̲̝̬̮̣̖̹̘̮̬̤̣̪̙̤̙͉̪̠̻̭̺͚̭̰̦͇̹͔͓̯̹͚̯̮̼̞̻̥̟̬̯̮̻̼͇̰̖̺͓̟͓̙͉̩͍̬̙̲̬̬̯̟͔͕̤̖̭͉̗̼̝͈̱͈͔̥̟̲̦̣̘̤̱̠̩̰̱̹̲̭͍̼̟̥̹̟̮̦̖̦̫̰̤͙̩̻̪̪̥̭̘̟̤̙̭̼͉̯̪͓̪͈̤̺̗̈́͛̃̾̿̋̒̈̈͂̆̈́̄̒͂͐͌̇̓̄̀͑̀̀̆̓̎̿͌̊͊͌̓̀̆͒̓̉̌̿͑̀̓͛̎͆̓̏̑̐̇̂͋̊́̾̋̄̈͂́̈̈́̆̈̂̽͆̏̍̌̈́̐̔̌́̐̽̈̊̈̊͗͐̀̐̈́̊̈͊͊̉̽́́͋͘̚̚͘͘͘͘̚͜͜͜͜͝͝͝͠͝ͅͅą̶̢̢̡̨̛͈̞̟̺̩̠͈̺̣̬̟̝͇̦̙͚̫͉̩̥͔̩͚̘̗̼̼̟͓̤̠̯̯̜̗̮̦̞̟͕̥̘̞̭̗̪̥̟̠͆̐̌͆̌̍̉͋̔̌̃̏͛̿̈̔̏͛̒̆̈́̌͆͗̇͗̿͋̍̓͛͐͛̔̐͂̓͊̈́̀͛͛̽̄̊̀̌̀̾̂͌̌̌͋̾̄́̍͂̔͌̔̇̈́̊̂̃̌́͒̓͒̾̓́͑̋̉̇̀̓̈̏́͑̏̃̋̑͑͋̓̄̀̑̈́͑̃͐̔̐͛́͒̈́̓̎̀̆̚̕̕̚̕͘͘̚̚̚͝͝͠͠͠͝͝͝͝ͅę̸̨̨̧̧̧̡̨̨̛̛̛̘͎̬͙̹̗̼̜̝̖͓͎̫͈͇̺̣͉̰̦̻̼̮̩͔̜̤̮̮̤̫͙̣̦̼̫̥̱̲̹̗̯͈͇̳͇̳̪̣͔̞̥̼̜̞̲̮̗̗̙̠̤̩̗̠̮̠̫̮̗͙͉̙̻̣͔̱͖̣̜̪̭̣̼̗̺̯̫̪̰͉̭̖̗̻̪͚̣͍͈̮̥͈̰͌̽̑̈́̌͐̿̋̓̌͛̓̃͗͋̆͑͑̂̈́̐͆̈́͗̒̀̓̈́͐̑̐̀͗̿͑̄̿́͑͂̊̅̆͆̓̑̂͆̍͋͒͗͊̿̊͊͂̍̉̊̈̔̏͊̃̿͐̋͗̒̈́̏͐̈́̈́́́̍̈́̔̾̈́̆͛̒̆̈̇͗̄̅̋̊̈́̌̀̾̒̂̒̈́̓̿̽̀̒̀̆̊͌̔̐̑̔͐͋̍̒̐̈́͑̀̊̑͆̏̈́̐̾͗̆͊̀̉͌̆͛͂̍̉̿͗͗̏̅̓̃͘̚̚̚̕͘̕̕̚̚̕̚͜͜͜͜͜͜͜͠͠͠͠͝͠͝ͅͅͅͅư̷̧̡̛̛̛̛̛̪̱̖̟̺̯̣͉̝̞̬͙̝͖̺̳͉̼͇̤̺̮̘̈́̍̎̎̃̍͐͑̒̂̏̇́̆̈̏͗̎͗̄͒̉̊͊̄̽͂̌̂̏̑̆͂̀̔̏̈̈́̅̈́̉̀́͐̾̎͒̊̉͊́̈̋̃́͋̀̂͐̒̌̐̃̌̏̐̌̍̔̃̉̆̓̆̒̀̀̓̔͊͐͛͌̍̄̔̍̇̈̾͋̂͑͌̿̽̔͑̑̈̓̊͒̒͛̈́̍͌͊̿̈́̓͑̐̌̇͗̽̀̏̈́͆̈́̓̉̈́̀͆̈́̈̑͂̓̍̇͗̀̊̓̎͂̊̋̅͂̔͘̚͘͘͘̕̕͘̕̚̕̚͜͠͠͝͝͝͝ş̵̨̡̢̧̡̢̛̪͚̤̝͇͎̦͙̭͔̥̳͎̺̲̻̘̲̥̙͎̮̲̥̬͓̺̲̣̺͖̲̩͈͎̦͇̝̙̣͉̹̬̭̬̭̦͇͈̻̘̣̯̠͙͔̳͎̦̘̮̼̟͙͈͕̳̮̙̺͍̹̻̟̝̤̳̥̫̞͖̱̜̻̱̪̹̦͇͉͈̰̼͙̪͙̙̰͖̳͚̱͎̟͕̲̭͔͓̙̰̦̳͙̖̩͓̩̦̔̔̊̂͒̒̃͋͂́̀̑̋̅͌̎͐̅͊̊̇͆̍̂̔͛̕͘͜͜͜͠͠ͅͅͅͅņ̶̧̡̛̦̬̬̗͚̟͇̬̣͍̰̣̰̞̦̳̣̰̙̰͉͉̮͇̤̳̭͇̭̗̜͙̭̖̭̺̖̹͇̗̭͈̳̮̼̟͙̝͈̦̹͉̤͖̬͎͔̎̋̈̎̀̾̀̓̈͒̆̈̾̒̓͆̽́̐͗̄̆̀̉̀̇̄͂̈̏͌͑̂̆̈́̆̏̐̀͗͗̓̆̆͛̕͘͝͝ͅͅơ̶̢̨̧̧̧̛̛̛̛̛̛̯̫̝̻͓̻͚̭̠̠̙̯̟̻̠̤͍̞̦̺̦̹̤͍̞̲̤̜̻͉̳͍͍͈͓̝̯͕̗̻̤̹̩̱͈͈͔͕̗̣̣͚̝̗͚̘͓̫͍̬̜͕̲͍͚̥̼̜̬̺͎̹̪̼̬̼͕̥̗̫͕̼̮̌̏̈́͑͋̂̋̏͋̂̐̇̋̽̆̌̐̏̎͑̒̾͋̀̍̓̅̓̃͗̈́̐͆̈́̍̆̏͆̑͌̅̉̅͑̍̏̑̓̈́́̃̓͒͗͐͊̉͐͊͂̈́̉͒̋͑̋̾̓̏̆͊̽̈́̃̌̈̅͌͒̊̉̓̿̉̐͂͋̋̋͑̍́̈́̏̀̓̿͛̐̀̏́̑̈́̆͐̂́̀͗̎́̂̈́̽͛̽̐̒̏̓͛͋̇͗́̉͒̓̾́͛̈̆̇͛̿̉̇͑̋̑͛̚̕̕̕̚͘̚̚͘̚̕̚̕͘͝͝͠͝͝͠͝͝ ̴̨̡̢̧̧̛͓̠̳̼̗̣̘̘̦̜̣͉͇̩̫̗̥͙͚̯͔̙͈͔͚͕͈͇̦̯̦͓̠̝̗͎̯̘͈̖͈͈̻͈̞̠͔̗͍̪͉̰̯̭̖̥̩̫̳͒̅̋̍͛̅͑̓́̽̈́̃̇̌͑́͑̄̾͐͐̒̋́̓̌̃̊̽̅̋͗̋͑̓̈͂̿̀̓̇̏̋̊͌́̌̊͗͑̅̆̾͂̍̅̾̉̃̄̒̽͗̋̈́̒̾̈̒̊̈́͆̅̌̍́̿͂̂́̀̆̆̐͊́̂̌̈́̆̍̇̾̒̈́͛̅͐̾͌̋̀̀̎̒͌̀̇̅̃̉̔͊̽̾̈̎̐͊̆̎̈́̓͆̎͋̄͒̕̕͘̕̕̚͘̚̕̕͜͜͝͝͝͝͝ͅͅt̷̠̙̬̫̝͚̮͉̲̮̘͊̅͛̽̐̏̿̿̇̀̒̀̃͆͊̎̑̾͗͛̇͗̉͛́̑̈͐͆́̃͑͌̎͑̉̒̇́͛̐̍̄͐̄͌̇͛̑̔͊͌́̈̾̃̈́̽͋̾̀̈́͛̉͗̌̀̀͆͌̒̌͒̍̈͂̉͒̒̉͊̽͋̎̀̅̀̽̅̾̉͛̿̀̏̈́̌̍͂̇̏̄́̐͗̿̀̔̒͛̎̇͘̕̚̚̕̚͘̕̕̚͘͝͠͝͝͝͝͝͝͝h̴̨̡̢̨̡̧̨̢̢̛̛̝͉͙̻̪͓̘̻̦̻̻̹̞̯̪̜͔̳̖̹͍̳͓͖̘͎̠͇̠̺̙͉͓̲̗̳̼̳̦̞̞͚̗̱̦͍͔̠͉͓̻͈̹̤̹̬̫̟̑̉̉̍̑͑̉̀͛̇̓͂̔̔̀́̂̃̈́̅̀̂̇̆̃̈́̋̉̎̂͗͐͂͆̀͌̈́̓̆͛̌͋̐͌̎̈͌̂̽̈́̒̃̌̀̾̉̐̿̆̂̈́͋͗͋̒͊̌͌̐̃͗̇́̑̀́̇̍̀̽͌͑̎͒̔͋̐͌̒̾̾̑̚̚̕̚̚͘̚͘͘͝͝͝͝͝ͅͅͅa̴̢̢̡̡̧͍̣̯͓̮͔̪̦͓̜̟͔̤͍̰̱̯̼͚͕̞͖̤̣͓̼͔͈̗͎̱͎̟̝̳̹̞̘͎̝̫͈̰̹͓͈̲̻̦̼̰͎͕̙̪̘̩͕̬̜̲͍͈͎̹̲̮͎̦̠̻͔̺̙͎̳̫͗̀̋͜n̶̢̡̡̧̡̡̢̨̛̛̛̛̛̤̮̘̹̤͚̦̬̥̼̙͍̥̦͖̰͖̙̖̩̩̞̻̝͍̦̝̼̣͍͎̖̯̝̥̟̘͍̤̯̮͕͚͍̜̖̯͇̠̠̦̠̱̰̪̙͇̤͍͈͖̭̼͓͈̬̟̦̙̤̫̯̜̭̰̱͎̳̫͚͈͓͇͚̜̠̦̘͖̺̮̬͔͍̘̱̘̯̯̪̯͔͇̗̯̱̹͚̤̂̈́͊̔̓̈́̊̃͗̉̾̑̈́̓̀̉̏̉̋͊͑̈̈̓̉̒̇̈́̑̓̍̏͌͗̏̊̑͊̐͋̀̊̾͋̽̈́͗̎̓̚͘͠͝k̶̢̢̨̨̧̡̢̨̛̛̛̛̛̛̥̮̣̭̺̪̮̲̳̗͔̗̞̦̩͉̘̥̪̞̰͖̮̥̟̪̥̞͍̫̝̪̩͓̼̝̣͓̼̣͍̼͇̲͍̗͉͇̠̱̰̭̣̻̹̞̰͉̺̗̲͎̠͕̝̙̣͕̜̫̝̯͛͆̾̌̌̋͌͒̉̃̈̾̓͛̓̈́̈́̀̄͐̈̽̈́͛̊̾̀̉̈́̎͆̈́̈́̈̐͂̒͛̈̀̀̈́͊̈́͐̾̓̎̇͂̀̒̑͆͂̎̿̽͛̒͛̈̊͂͑̓̃̀̀̅̂̒̍̂̇̏͑̔̑͋̆̉̎́͑̍̾́͊͑͊͋̌̅̎̕̚̕̕̕̚͜͜͝͝͠͝͝͠ͅͅs̵̨̢̢̡̧̧̛̛̛̻͔̞̪̤̭̜̫̣̲̝̝̯̫̦͕͙̲̦̘̼̯̣͚̹̠̲̭̺̺̞͔̱̜̟̖̟͚͚͓̹̜͎̯͇͙̜̻͔̜̞̹̩̖̟̻̻̟͎̱̮̜̟̰̜̓̊́̃̅̑̀̓̀͂̈͐̀̅̃̌̄̀͋̈̽̑́̅͆͐̎̓͂̀͂̐̂̅͌͗̃̉́͛̀͆̀́̌̍͆̈̓͌́̒̑̐̌̃̋̓̌̍̊̓̆̀͒͒̑̐̀͗̈́̐͊̿̿̌̆̐̃̾̑̅̿͗̉͆̌̍̆́̽̈́̓̿̑̏̆̓̀͋̓͆͛͆̈́̑̌͂̽͛̓͐̆̆̈̏̊̋̊̅̅̄̍̾̐̆̌͒̈́̂̉̔̓̈́̄͊̃̽̈́̒͗̂̔̑͒́̀̆͘̕̚̕͘̚͘̕͜͜͜͜͝͝͠͠͝͝͝͝͝͝ͅͅͅ ̶̨̢̢̧̛̛̛̫̙̜̝̼͇̗̻̩̗̠̳̟̦̝͙̱̝͓̠̙̫͚͙̹͔̩͈̟͎͇̲̠̱̬̳̘̼͔̥̟͙̘̮̭̳͈̞͚̟͙̣͂̀̎̒̃̅̈́̆̄̐̍͌͌̐̓͒́͗̑̐͗̇̓̊͛̆̾͒̀̀͌̾̓͒̓̽͛̊̐͊̎͋̽̀̀͗͛̈̐̑̓̑̔̈́̒͌͒̀̅́̾̂̔͌̈́͒̈́̉̊́͆͒̎͌̽̉̋́̃̑͊̽̀̂̄̐̿̀̉̊̑͌̀̀́̂͐͆̈́̉̂͊̉̓̐̑̔̽̔̅̏̓̏́͋́͑̏͊̎͛̅̈́͊̈̃̌̊͗̏͛̀͆͌̕̚̚͘̕͘̕͘̕̕͘̚̚̚͜͠͝͝͠͠͝ͅͅl̷̨̨̛̛͍̞̯͓͔̰͎̰͔̪͈̗̜̲͚̯̦̠͔̤̮͙̠̗̯͔̜̪̞͚͚̰͉̗̲̹̫̟͖̫̗̜͓͇͍̣̞̗̮̩̹̬̙͕̯̖̟͚͍̗̺̖̲̜̹̙͔̥̜͔̭̙̰̺͓̬̮̦̘̗̼̱̝̝̽͌͆̀͋͐̋͆͆͒͐̽̓̈́̈́͗͐̌̔̅͐̈́̌͛̍́̇͛́̓̅̂̍́̃̇̿̌̏̒͂̆́͊͛͌̐̏̃̄̓͌͐͋͒̉̓̐̈́̿̽̀̿̌̈́̀͘̚̕̚͘͜͜͜͜͠͝͝͠ͅͅͅį̴̨̨̛̛̰̱͇̯̫̻͚̹̟̬̝͔̖͕͉̘͖̻̬͎̋̈́̔̈̈͛̌̒́̾̐̽̎͒̑̎̀̅̌̔̄͋̇͋̈́̌̾̅̈́̓͋̈̌̎͛̑̅̀̽̈́̓̿̃̄̂̍̓̑̇̿̔̈̄́̔̿͐͊̄͋́͒̉͛̀̑͐͊͛̐͒̃̾̆̋͆͘̕̚͘̕̕͘̚͝͝͝͝͠͠͝͠͝͠n̸̢̨̡̡̢̨̢̢̨̨̨̢̛̙̝̝̘̗̻̫̝̱̻̠̬̭̦̮̱̪͓̱̦͕͉̝͎̭̩̟̻̪͇̞̭̗͇͙͙̱͙̣̬̜̠͔̬̫̤̺̙̫̟̥͕̟̩̯̟̞͓̙͇͍̲̪̯̲̮̠̖͍̞͖͖͓̺̬͓̖͔͎̲̳̹͕̟̝̭̪̞̱̜̖̟͉̮͕͈͔͚̗͇̹̙͉̣̤̞͙͎̥̗͔̥̳̞̱͈͉̠͍̮̫̠̫̻̪̝̖͚͖͖͉̫̲̩̞͈̤̦͇̩̮̗͔͓͒̄͋͂̂̏̾̉͋̑̅͛̈́̇̽͑̏̀̒́̌̒̈́̉̀̂͆̑̓̓͌̋͋͌͗̒̅̾͂̓̌͆́̂̔̔̓̿̅̆͑̆̃̿̾͑̓͆̾̿̂̄̽̊̿̆͌͌̈̋͂̂̄͐͐́̀̐͛̒̿͐̏̔̓̀̒̌͊̽̍̐͐̊̏͆̓͑͆̎͂̉̽̀̾̀̀̄͒̈́͊̽͛͌́͒̾͘̚̕͘̚̚͘̚̚̚̚͜͜͜͜͜͠͝͠͝ͅͅͅn̵̢̢̧̧̡̧̡̧̢̢̨̢̨̧̨̢̨̧̡̨̨̧̨̛̹̖̝̯͉̟̝̲̱͎̗̻͕͉͍̺̲̝̬̮̣̖̹̘̮̬̤̣̪̙̤̙͉̪̠̻̭̺͚̭̰̦͇̹͔͓̯̹͚̯̮̼̞̻̥̟̬̯̮̻̼͇̰̖̺͓̟͓̙͉̩͍̬̙̲̬̬̯̟͔͕̤̖̭͉̗̼̝͈̱͈͔̥̟̲̦̣̘̤̱̠̩̰̱̹̲̭͍̼̟̥̹̟̮̦̖̦̫̰̤͙̩̻̪̪̥̭̘̟̤̙̭̼͉̯̪͓̪͈̤̺̗̈́͛̃̾̿̋̒̈̈͂̆̈́̄̒͂͐͌̇̓̄̀͑̀̀̆̓̎̿͌̊͊͌̓̀̆͒̓̉̌̿͑̀̓͛̎͆̓̏̑̐̇̂͋̊́̾̋̄̈͂́̈̈́̆̈̂̽͆̏̍̌̈́̐̔̌́̐̽̈̊̈̊͗͐̀̐̈́̊̈͊͊̉̽́́͋͘̚̚͘͘͘͘̚͜͜͜͜͝͝͝͠͝ͅͅą̶̢̢̡̨̛͈̞̟̺̩̠͈̺̣̬̟̝͇̦̙͚̫͉̩̥͔̩͚̘̗̼̼̟͓̤̠̯̯̜̗̮̦̞̟͕̥̘̞̭̗̪̥̟̠͆̐̌͆̌̍̉͋̔̌̃̏͛̿̈̔̏͛̒̆̈́̌͆͗̇͗̿͋̍̓͛͐͛̔̐͂̓͊̈́̀͛͛̽̄̊̀̌̀̾̂͌̌̌͋̾̄́̍͂̔͌̔̇̈́̊̂̃̌́͒̓͒̾̓́͑̋̉̇̀̓̈̏́͑̏̃̋̑͑͋̓̄̀̑̈́͑̃͐̔̐͛́͒̈́̓̎̀̆̚̕̕̚̕͘͘̚̚̚͝͝͠͠͠͝͝͝͝ͅę̸̨̨̧̧̧̡̨̨̛̛̛̘͎̬͙̹̗̼̜̝̖͓͎̫͈͇̺̣͉̰̦̻̼̮̩͔̜̤̮̮̤̫͙̣̦̼̫̥̱̲̹̗̯͈͇̳͇̳̪̣͔̞̥̼̜̞̲̮̗̗̙̠̤̩̗̠̮̠̫̮̗͙͉̙̻̣͔̱͖̣̜̪̭̣̼̗̺̯̫̪̰͉̭̖̗̻̪͚̣͍͈̮̥͈̰͌̽̑̈́̌͐̿̋̓̌͛̓̃͗͋̆͑͑̂̈́̐͆̈́͗̒̀̓̈́͐̑̐̀͗̿͑̄̿́͑͂̊̅̆͆̓̑̂͆̍͋͒͗͊̿̊͊͂̍̉̊̈̔̏͊̃̿͐̋͗̒̈́̏͐̈́̈́́́̍̈́̔̾̈́̆͛̒̆̈̇͗̄̅̋̊̈́̌̀̾̒̂̒̈́̓̿̽̀̒̀̆̊͌̔̐̑̔͐͋̍̒̐̈́͑̀̊̑͆̏̈́̐̾͗̆͊̀̉͌̆͛͂̍̉̿͗͗̏̅̓̃͘̚̚̚̕͘̕̕̚̚̕̚͜͜͜͜͜͜͜͠͠͠͠͝͠͝ͅͅͅͅư̷̧̡̛̛̛̛̛̪̱̖̟̺̯̣͉̝̞̬͙̝͖̺̳͉̼͇̤̺̮̘̈́̍̎̎̃̍͐͑̒̂̏̇́̆̈̏͗̎͗̄͒̉̊͊̄̽͂̌̂̏̑̆͂̀̔̏̈̈́̅̈́̉̀́͐̾̎͒̊̉͊́̈̋̃́͋̀̂͐̒̌̐̃̌̏̐̌̍̔̃̉̆̓̆̒̀̀̓̔͊͐͛͌̍̄̔̍̇̈̾͋̂͑͌̿̽̔͑̑̈̓̊͒̒͛̈́̍͌͊̿̈́̓͑̐̌̇͗̽̀̏̈́͆̈́̓̉̈́̀͆̈́̈̑͂̓̍̇͗̀̊̓̎͂̊̋̅͂̔͘̚͘͘͘̕̕͘̕̚̕̚͜͠͠͝͝͝͝ş̵̨̡̢̧̡̢̛̪͚̤̝͇͎̦͙̭͔̥̳͎̺̲̻̘̲̥̙͎̮̲̥̬͓̺̲̣̺͖̲̩͈͎̦͇̝̙̣͉̹̬̭̬̭̦͇͈̻̘̣̯̠͙͔̳͎̦̘̮̼̟͙͈͕̳̮̙̺͍̹̻̟̝̤̳̥̫̞͖̱̜̻̱̪̹̦͇͉͈̰̼͙̪͙̙̰͖̳͚̱͎̟͕̲̭͔͓̙̰̦̳͙̖̩͓̩̦̔̔̊̂͒̒̃͋͂́̀̑̋̅͌̎͐̅͊̊̇͆̍̂̔͛̕͘͜͜͜͠͠ͅͅͅͅņ̶̧̡̛̦̬̬̗͚̟͇̬̣͍̰̣̰̞̦̳̣̰̙̰͉͉̮͇̤̳̭͇̭̗̜͙̭̖̭̺̖̹͇̗̭͈̳̮̼̟͙̝͈̦̹͉̤͖̬͎͔̎̋̈̎̀̾̀̓̈͒̆̈̾̒̓͆̽́̐͗̄̆̀̉̀̇̄͂̈̏͌͑̂̆̈́̆̏̐̀͗͗̓̆̆͛̕͘͝͝ͅͅơ̶̢̨̧̧̧̛̛̛̛̛̛̯̫̝̻͓̻͚̭̠̠̙̯̟̻̠̤͍̞̦̺̦̹̤͍̞̲̤̜̻͉̳͍͍͈͓̝̯͕̗̻̤̹̩̱͈͈͔͕̗̣̣͚̝̗͚̘͓̫͍̬̜͕̲͍͚̥̼̜̬̺͎̹̪̼̬̼͕̥̗̫͕̼̮̌̏̈́͑͋̂̋̏͋̂̐̇̋̽̆̌̐̏̎͑̒̾͋̀̍̓̅̓̃͗̈́̐͆̈́̍̆̏͆̑͌̅̉̅͑̍̏̑̓̈́́̃̓͒͗͐͊̉͐͊͂̈́̉͒̋͑̋̾̓̏̆͊̽̈́̃̌̈̅͌͒̊̉̓̿̉̐͂͋̋̋͑̍́̈́̏̀̓̿͛̐̀̏́̑̈́̆͐̂́̀͗̎́̂̈́̽͛̽̐̒̏̓͛͋̇͗́̉͒̓̾́͛̈̆̇͛̿̉̇͑̋̑͛̚̕̕̕̚͘̚̚͘̚̕̚̕͘͝͝͠͝͝͠͝͝ ̴̨̡̢̧̧̛͓̠̳̼̗̣̘̘̦̜̣͉͇̩̫̗̥͙͚̯͔̙͈͔͚͕͈͇̦̯̦͓̠̝̗͎̯̘͈̖͈͈̻͈̞̠͔̗͍̪͉̰̯̭̖̥̩̫̳͒̅̋̍͛̅͑̓́̽̈́̃̇̌͑́͑̄̾͐͐̒̋́̓̌̃̊̽̅̋͗̋͑̓̈͂̿̀̓̇̏̋̊͌́̌̊͗͑̅̆̾͂̍̅̾̉̃̄̒̽͗̋̈́̒̾̈̒̊̈́͆̅̌̍́̿͂̂́̀̆̆̐͊́̂̌̈́̆̍̇̾̒̈́͛̅͐̾͌̋̀̀̎̒͌̀̇̅̃̉̔͊̽̾̈̎̐͊̆̎̈́̓͆̎͋̄͒̕̕͘̕̕̚͘̚̕̕͜͜͝͝͝͝͝ͅͅt̷̠̙̬̫̝͚̮͉̲̮̘͊̅͛̽̐̏̿̿̇̀̒̀̃͆͊̎̑̾͗͛̇͗̉͛́̑̈͐͆́̃͑͌̎͑̉̒̇́͛̐̍̄͐̄͌̇͛̑̔͊͌́̈̾̃̈́̽͋̾̀̈́͛̉͗̌̀̀͆͌̒̌͒̍̈͂̉͒̒̉͊̽͋̎̀̅̀̽̅̾̉͛̿̀̏̈́̌̍͂̇̏̄́̐͗̿̀̔̒͛̎̇͘̕̚̚̕̚͘̕̕̚͘͝͠͝͝͝͝͝͝͝h̴̨̡̢̨̡̧̨̢̢̛̛̝͉͙̻̪͓̘̻̦̻̻̹̞̯̪̜͔̳̖̹͍̳͓͖̘͎̠͇̠̺̙͉͓̲̗̳̼̳̦̞̞͚̗̱̦͍͔̠͉͓̻͈̹̤̹̬̫̟̑̉̉̍̑͑̉̀͛̇̓͂̔̔̀́̂̃̈́̅̀̂̇̆̃̈́̋̉̎̂͗͐͂͆̀͌̈́̓̆͛̌͋̐͌̎̈͌̂̽̈́̒̃̌̀̾̉̐̿̆̂̈́͋͗͋̒͊̌͌̐̃͗̇́̑̀́̇̍̀̽͌͑̎͒̔͋̐͌̒̾̾̑̚̚̕̚̚͘̚͘͘͝͝͝͝͝ͅͅͅa̴̢̢̡̡̧͍̣̯͓̮͔̪̦͓̜̟͔̤͍̰̱̯̼͚͕̞͖̤̣͓̼͔͈̗͎̱͎̟̝̳̹̞̘͎̝̫͈̰̹͓͈̲̻̦̼̰͎͕̙̪̘̩͕̬̜̲͍͈͎̹̲̮͎̦̠̻͔̺̙͎̳̫͗̀̋͜n̶̢̡̡̧̡̡̢̨̛̛̛̛̛̤̮̘̹̤͚̦̬̥̼̙͍̥̦͖̰͖̙̖̩̩̞̻̝͍̦̝̼̣͍͎̖̯̝̥̟̘͍̤̯̮͕͚͍̜̖̯͇̠̠̦̠̱̰̪̙͇̤͍͈͖̭̼͓͈̬̟̦̙̤̫̯̜̭̰̱͎̳̫͚͈͓͇͚̜̠̦̘͖̺̮̬͔͍̘̱̘̯̯̪̯͔͇̗̯̱̹͚̤̂̈́͊̔̓̈́̊̃͗̉̾̑̈́̓̀̉̏̉̋͊͑̈̈̓̉̒̇̈́̑̓̍̏͌͗̏̊̑͊̐͋̀̊̾͋̽̈́͗̎̓̚͘͠͝k̶̢̢̨̨̧̡̢̨̛̛̛̛̛̛̥̮̣̭̺̪̮̲̳̗͔̗̞̦̩͉̘̥̪̞̰͖̮̥̟̪̥̞͍̫̝̪̩͓̼̝̣͓̼̣͍̼͇̲͍̗͉͇̠̱̰̭̣̻̹̞̰͉̺̗̲͎̠͕̝̙̣͕̜̫̝̯͛͆̾̌̌̋͌͒̉̃̈̾̓͛̓̈́̈́̀̄͐̈̽̈́͛̊̾̀̉̈́̎͆̈́̈́̈̐͂̒͛̈̀̀̈́͊̈́͐̾̓̎̇͂̀̒̑͆͂̎̿̽͛̒͛̈̊͂͑̓̃̀̀̅̂̒̍̂̇̏͑̔̑͋̆̉̎́͑̍̾́͊͑͊͋̌̅̎̕̚̕̕̕̚͜͜͝͝͠͝͝͠ͅͅs̵̨̢̢̡̧̧̛̛̛̻͔̞̪̤̭̜̫̣̲̝̝̯̫̦͕͙̲̦̘̼̯̣͚̹̠̲̭̺̺̞͔̱̜̟̖̟͚͚͓̹̜͎̯͇͙̜̻͔̜̞̹̩̖̟̻̻̟͎̱̮̜̟̰̜̓̊́̃̅̑̀̓̀͂̈͐̀̅̃̌̄̀͋̈̽̑́̅͆͐̎̓͂̀͂̐̂̅͌͗̃̉́͛̀͆̀́̌̍͆̈̓͌́̒̑̐̌̃̋̓̌̍̊̓̆̀͒͒̑̐̀͗̈́̐͊̿̿̌̆̐̃̾̑̅̿͗̉͆̌̍̆́̽̈́̓̿̑̏̆̓̀͋̓͆͛͆̈́̑̌͂̽͛̓͐̆̆̈̏̊̋̊̅̅̄̍̾̐̆̌͒̈́̂̉̔̓̈́̄͊̃̽̈́̒͗̂̔̑͒́̀̆͘̕̚̕͘̚͘̕͜͜͜͜͝͝͠͠͝͝͝͝͝͝ͅͅͅ ̶̨̢̢̧̛̛̛̫̙̜̝̼͇̗̻̩̗̠̳̟̦̝͙̱̝͓̠̙̫͚͙̹͔̩͈̟͎͇̲̠̱̬̳̘̼͔̥̟͙̘̮̭̳͈̞͚̟͙̣͂̀̎̒̃̅̈́̆̄̐̍͌͌̐̓͒́͗̑̐͗̇̓̊͛̆̾͒̀̀͌̾̓͒̓̽͛̊̐͊̎͋̽̀̀͗͛̈̐̑̓̑̔̈́̒͌͒̀̅́̾̂̔͌̈́͒̈́̉̊́͆͒̎͌̽̉̋́̃̑͊̽̀̂̄̐̿̀̉̊̑͌̀̀́̂͐͆̈́̉̂͊̉̓̐̑̔̽̔̅̏̓̏́͋́͑̏͊̎͛̅̈́͊̈̃̌̊͗̏͛̀͆͌̕̚̚͘̕͘̕͘̕̕͘̚̚̚͜͠͝͝͠͠͝ͅͅl̷̨̨̛̛͍̞̯͓͔̰͎̰͔̪͈̗̜̲͚̯̦̠͔̤̮͙̠̗̯͔̜̪̞͚͚̰͉̗̲̹̫̟͖̫̗̜͓͇͍̣̞̗̮̩̹̬̙͕̯̖̟͚͍̗̺̖̲̜̹̙͔̥̜͔̭̙̰̺͓̬̮̦̘̗̼̱̝̝̽͌͆̀͋͐̋͆͆͒͐̽̓̈́̈́͗͐̌̔̅͐̈́̌͛̍́̇͛́̓̅̂̍́̃̇̿̌̏̒͂̆́͊͛͌̐̏̃̄̓͌͐͋͒̉̓̐̈́̿̽̀̿̌̈́̀͘̚̕̚͘͜͜͜͜͠͝͝͠ͅͅͅį̴̨̨̛̛̰̱͇̯̫̻͚̹̟̬̝͔̖͕͉̘͖̻̬͎̋̈́̔̈̈͛̌̒́̾̐̽̎͒̑̎̀̅̌̔̄͋̇͋̈́̌̾̅̈́̓͋̈̌̎͛̑̅̀̽̈́̓̿̃̄̂̍̓̑̇̿̔̈̄́̔̿͐͊̄͋́͒̉͛̀̑͐͊͛̐͒̃̾̆̋͆͘̕̚͘̕̕͘̚͝͝͝͝͠͠͝͠͝͠n̸̢̨̡̡̢̨̢̢̨̨̨̢̛̙̝̝̘̗̻̫̝̱̻̠̬̭̦̮̱̪͓̱̦͕͉̝͎̭̩̟̻̪͇̞̭̗͇͙͙̱͙̣̬̜̠͔̬̫̤̺̙̫̟̥͕̟̩̯̟̞͓̙͇͍̲̪̯̲̮̠̖͍̞͖͖͓̺̬͓̖͔͎̲̳̹͕̟̝̭̪̞̱̜̖̟͉̮͕͈͔͚̗͇̹̙͉̣̤̞͙͎̥̗͔̥̳̞̱͈͉̠͍̮̫̠̫̻̪̝̖͚͖͖͉̫̲̩̞͈̤̦͇̩̮̗͔͓͒̄͋͂̂̏̾̉͋̑̅͛̈́̇̽͑̏̀̒́̌̒̈́̉̀̂͆̑̓̓͌̋͋͌͗̒̅̾͂̓̌͆́̂̔̔̓̿̅̆͑̆̃̿̾͑̓͆̾̿̂̄̽̊̿̆͌͌̈̋͂̂̄͐͐́̀̐͛̒̿͐̏̔̓̀̒̌͊̽̍̐͐̊̏͆̓͑͆̎͂̉̽̀̾̀̀̄͒̈́͊̽͛͌́͒̾͘̚̕͘̚̚͘̚̚̚̚͜͜͜͜͜͠͝͠͝ͅͅͅn̵̢̢̧̧̡̧̡̧̢̢̨̢̨̧̨̢̨̧̡̨̨̧̨̛̹̖̝̯͉̟̝̲̱͎̗̻͕͉͍̺̲̝̬̮̣̖̹̘̮̬̤̣̪̙̤̙͉̪̠̻̭̺͚̭̰̦͇̹͔͓̯̹͚̯̮̼̞̻̥̟̬̯̮̻̼͇̰̖̺͓̟͓̙͉̩͍̬̙̲̬̬̯̟͔͕̤̖̭͉̗̼̝͈̱͈͔̥̟̲̦̣̘̤̱̠̩̰̱̹̲̭͍̼̟̥̹̟̮̦̖̦̫̰̤͙̩̻̪̪̥̭̘̟̤̙̭̼͉̯̪͓̪͈̤̺̗̈́͛̃̾̿̋̒̈̈͂̆̈́̄̒͂͐͌̇̓̄̀͑̀̀̆̓̎̿͌̊͊͌̓̀̆͒̓̉̌̿͑̀̓͛̎͆̓̏̑̐̇̂͋̊́̾̋̄̈͂́̈̈́̆̈̂̽͆̏̍̌̈́̐̔̌́̐̽̈̊̈̊͗͐̀̐̈́̊̈͊͊̉̽́́͋͘̚̚͘͘͘͘̚͜͜͜͜͝͝͝͠͝ͅͅą̶̢̢̡̨̛͈̞̟̺̩̠͈̺̣̬̟̝͇̦̙͚̫͉̩̥͔̩͚̘̗̼̼̟͓̤̠̯̯̜̗̮̦̞̟͕̥̘̞̭̗̪̥̟̠͆̐̌͆̌̍̉͋̔̌̃̏͛̿̈̔̏͛̒̆̈́̌͆͗̇͗̿͋̍̓͛͐͛̔̐͂̓͊̈́̀͛͛̽̄̊̀̌̀̾̂͌̌̌͋̾̄́̍͂̔͌̔̇̈́̊̂̃̌́͒̓͒̾̓́͑̋̉̇̀̓̈̏́͑̏̃̋̑͑͋̓̄̀̑̈́͑̃͐̔̐͛́͒̈́̓̎̀̆̚̕̕̚̕͘͘̚̚̚͝͝͠͠͠͝͝͝͝ͅę̸̨̨̧̧̧̡̨̨̛̛̛̘͎̬͙̹̗̼̜̝̖͓͎̫͈͇̺̣͉̰̦̻̼̮̩͔̜̤̮̮̤̫͙̣̦̼̫̥̱̲̹̗̯͈͇̳͇̳̪̣͔̞̥̼̜̞̲̮̗̗̙̠̤̩̗̠̮̠̫̮̗͙͉̙̻̣͔̱͖̣̜̪̭̣̼̗̺̯̫̪̰͉̭̖̗̻̪͚̣͍͈̮̥͈̰͌̽̑̈́̌͐̿̋̓̌͛̓̃͗͋̆͑͑̂̈́̐͆̈́͗̒̀̓̈́͐̑̐̀͗̿͑̄̿́͑͂̊̅̆͆̓̑̂͆̍͋͒͗͊̿̊͊͂̍̉̊̈̔̏͊̃̿͐̋͗̒̈́̏͐̈́̈́́́̍̈́̔̾̈́̆͛̒̆̈̇͗̄̅̋̊̈́̌̀̾̒̂̒̈́̓̿̽̀̒̀̆̊͌̔̐̑̔͐͋̍̒̐̈́͑̀̊̑͆̏̈́̐̾͗̆͊̀̉͌̆͛͂̍̉̿͗͗̏̅̓̃͘̚̚̚̕͘̕̕̚̚̕̚͜͜͜͜͜͜͜͠͠͠͠͝͠͝ͅͅͅͅư̷̧̡̛̛̛̛̛̪̱̖̟̺̯̣͉̝̞̬͙̝͖̺̳͉̼͇̤̺̮̘̈́̍̎̎̃̍͐͑̒̂̏̇́̆̈̏͗̎͗̄͒̉̊͊̄̽͂̌̂̏̑̆͂̀̔̏̈̈́̅̈́̉̀́͐̾̎͒̊̉͊́̈̋̃́͋̀̂͐̒̌̐̃̌̏̐̌̍̔̃̉̆̓̆̒̀̀̓̔͊͐͛͌̍̄̔̍̇̈̾͋̂͑͌̿̽̔͑̑̈̓̊͒̒͛̈́̍͌͊̿̈́̓͑̐̌̇͗̽̀̏̈́͆̈́̓̉̈́̀͆̈́̈̑͂̓̍̇͗̀̊̓̎͂̊̋̅͂̔͘̚͘͘͘̕̕͘̕̚̕̚͜͠͠͝͝͝͝ş̵̨̡̢̧̡̢̛̪͚̤̝͇͎̦͙̭͔̥̳͎̺̲̻̘̲̥̙͎̮̲̥̬͓̺̲̣̺͖̲̩͈͎̦͇̝̙̣͉̹̬̭̬̭̦͇͈̻̘̣̯̠͙͔̳͎̦̘̮̼̟͙͈͕̳̮̙̺͍̹̻̟̝̤̳̥̫̞͖̱̜̻̱̪̹̦͇͉͈̰̼͙̪͙̙̰͖̳͚̱͎̟͕̲̭͔͓̙̰̦̳͙̖̩͓̩̦̔̔̊̂͒̒̃͋͂́̀̑̋̅͌̎͐̅͊̊̇͆̍̂̔͛̕͘͜͜͜͠͠ͅͅͅͅ